audiobook Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System by Brandon Valeriano; Ryan C. Maness in History

Description

In the late 1980s; the Alevis; at that time thought to be largely assimilated into the secular Turkish mainstream; began to assert their difference as they never had before. The question of Alevism's origins and its relation to Islam and to Turkish culture became a highly contested issue. According to the dominant understanding; Alevism is part of the Islamic tradition; although located on its margins. It is further assumed that Alevism is intrinsically related to Anatolian and Turkish culture; carrying an ancient Turkish heritage; leading back into pre-Islamic Central Asian Turkish pasts.Dressler argues that this knowledge about the Alevis-their demarcation as "heterodox" but Muslim and their status as carriers of Turkish culture-is in fact of rather recent origins. It was formulated within the complex historical dynamics of the late Ottoman Empire and the first years of the Turkish Republic in the context of Turkish nation-building and its goal of ethno-religious homogeneity.