The traditional image of slavery begins with a master and a slave. However; not all slaves had traditional masters; some were owned instead by institutions; such as church congregations; schools; colleges; and businesses. This practice was pervasive in early Virginia; its educational; religious; and philanthropic institutions were literally built on the backs of slaves. Virginia's first industrial economy was also developed with the skilled labor of African American slaves. This book focuses on institutional slavery in Virginia as it was practiced by the Anglican and Presbyterian churches; free schools; and four universities: the College of William and Mary; Hampden-Sydney College; the University of Virginia; and Hollins College. It also examines the use of slave labor by businesses and the Commonwealth of Virginia in industrial endeavors. This is not only an account of how institutions used slavery to further their missions; but also of the slaves who belonged to institutions.
#75944 in Books Edward Mcclelland 2016-12-01 2016-12-01Original language:EnglishPDF # 1 7.25 x .50 x 5.00l; #File Name: 0997774274152 pagesHow to Speak Midwestern
Review
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful. McClelland is a revelationBy Pigskin PreacherMy first knowledge of Ted McClelland came from his stellar book "Nothin' But Blue Skies;" an investigation of the decline of the Rust Belt manufacturing base.This book takes a fascinating turn as McClelland draws on his vast research and personal experience with the accents and language patterns that characterize the region. It is a delightful blend of history; linguistics; sociology; regionalism with copious amounts of humor sprinkled throughout.Buy this book. Read it. Give it to a friend. I learned things from it that living in Flint; Mich. never revealed. Great stuff from a Michigander (a pejorative term coined by a young Illinois politician---F.I.P.?---named Abraham Lincoln; lobbed at Michigan's Lewis Cass).7 of 8 people found the following review helpful. A boatload of fun!By Steven PetersonThis book is a boatload of fun and erudite discussion of linguistics. Twp parts to the book are key: (a) an introduction to the distinctive qualities of three linguistic communities in the Midwest; (b) examples of words used in each state and some cities; to ground the discussion in concrete usage by people.The three divisions of Midwest speech--North Central (located in the Dakotas and Minnesota; with a slim slice from Iowa; Inland North (ranging from New York west from Rochester through Buffalo; to Chicago--with parts of the following states: New York; a piece of northern Pennsylvania; a bit of Ohio; Indiana; and Illinois with Chicago and surrounding counties); Midland (stretching from Nebraska; Kansas; a bit of Oklahoma; most of Misouri; most of Iowa; Illinois outside of the Chicago region; plus most of Indiana; Ohio; and Pennsylvania).The author discusses characteristics of each region; in terms of how words are pronounced. The change over time is also discussed. Some parts of a region's language disappeared with time as the older people died off and younger people going to college changed their way of speaking to blend in. This discussion is in itself fascinating. One problem that I found was the book's efforts to distinguish sounds. One example: a fronted o which makes "box" sound like "bahhx." I don't really know how to pronounce "bahhx." There are a number of examples like this. I did get others--such as the move of "cot" and "caught" coming together; lessening regional differences. One example that caught my mind "wash" sounding like "worsh." I recall as a kid being annoyed when people would speak of George Worshington. Well; now I know why it was said that way; given that people in some regions pronounced wash as worsh!The second part is provides examples of words and phrases characteristic of different states and cities. Some quick examples: Buffalonians refer to numbered roads; such as "the 190;" rather than saying Route 90; In Illinois; who says the name of Chicago which way? Chi-cah-go or Chi-caw-go or speaking of gym shoes rather than sneakers; In Indiana; the sandwich referred to as a "Hoosier;" although this book calls it a "ternderloin" (a slab of pork tenderloin pounded thinly and then cooked and placed in a sandwich--so that the tenderloin extends well beyond the bun!); Iowans refer to the Mississippi River as the East Coast and the Missouri River as the West Coast.And so on! One reason that I enjoyed this book is that I am from central Illinois and recall hearing people speak in a way as to exemplify the book's examination--such as "worsh."A lot of fun and an interesting analysis of language and its evolution over time.1 of 1 people found the following review helpful. Accents are the spice of lifeBy George MountI have enjoyed everything that Belt has published; and this title is one of my favorites. Like most Ohioans; I assumed I didn't have an accent. Not only does McClelland debunk this sentiment; he got me excited about my accent; which I learned is a Northern Cities.This book truly has made life more enriching. I love spotting accents and local slang when out shopping or listening to the local radio. I have a better appreciation for how different regions of the Midwest relate and differ linguistically. This was a fun; easy read that I will continue to cite -- for a few dollars (or is it dowlars?); what a bargain!
