In the wake of modern genocide; we tend to think of violence against minorities as a sign of intolerance; or; even worse; a prelude to extermination. Violence in the Middle Ages; however; functioned differently; according to David Nirenberg. In this provocative book; he focuses on specific attacks against minorities in fourteenth-century France and the Crown of Aragon (Aragon; Catalonia; and Valencia). He argues that these attacks--ranging from massacres to verbal assaults against Jews; Muslims; lepers; and prostitutes--were often perpetrated not by irrational masses laboring under inherited ideologies and prejudices; but by groups that manipulated and reshaped the available discourses on minorities. Nirenberg shows that their use of violence expressed complex beliefs about topics as diverse as divine history; kinship; sex; money; and disease; and that their actions were frequently contested by competing groups within their own society. Nirenberg's readings of archival and literary sources demonstrates how violence set the terms and limits of coexistence for medieval minorities. The particular and contingent nature of this coexistence is underscored by the book's juxtapositions--some systematic (for example; that of the Crown of Aragon with France; Jew with Muslim; medieval with modern); and some suggestive (such as African ritual rebellion with Catalan riots). Throughout; the book questions the applicability of dichotomies like tolerance versus intolerance to the Middle Ages; and suggests the limitations of those analyses that look for the origins of modern European persecutory violence in the medieval past.
#478626 in Books Princeton Univ Pr 2016-06-21Original language:EnglishPDF # 1 9.40 x 2.10 x 6.30l; .0 #File Name: 0691159793824 pagesPrinceton Univ Pr
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4 of 4 people found the following review helpful. The Definitive Reference Book for the History of Ancient Asia MinorBy Stan PragerAs a rule; I never review a book that I have not read to completion; I feel an obligation to the author to turn every page and absorb every paragraph. But some books are not designed as cover-to-cover reads; so I believe that Christian Marek will forgive me for only reading about a third of his magnificent reference work; In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World; prior to reviewing it. Originally published in German; this first English edition (translated by Steven Rendall) was written in collaboration with the late scholar Peter Frei; who duly receives cover credit for his contributions. Marek; professor emeritus of ancient history at the University of Zurich in Switzerland; has spent a lifetime studying the ancient Mediterranean and specializing in ancient Asia Minor; and has been conducting epigraphical and archaeological fieldwork in Turkey for more than thirty years. The result is a superb work that is not only encyclopedic in scope but brilliant in depth and analysis. In modern times; except for the European sliver that hosts Istanbul; most of the huge geography of the Republic of Turkey is located within the giant landmass of the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia. The population today is primarily a Muslim Turkic-speaking people descended from the nomad Turks that; like the Huns and other similar ethnicities; once roamed the vast northern steppes and later moved south to conquer and dominate settled agricultural communities. But students of Classical history know that it was an entirely different universe in the ancient world. There are traces of mysterious proto-cities from deep antiquity; and there is the impressive archaeological heritage in the celebrated Çatalhöyük Neolithic settlement that dates back to 7500 BCE. The original agriculturalists were most likely overrun and absorbed by Indo-Europeans from the Caucasus – the horse; wheel and chariot folks resurrected elsewhere by David Anthony – and native Hattians and Hurrians were to be supplanted by the Hittites; later to rise to prominence with their consequential Bronze Age empire that dominated Asia Minor but was lost to memory for millennia in the still unexplained cataclysmic collapse of that era of human history. Troy was part of that Anatolian peninsula on the strategic edge of the Hellespont (modern Dardanelles) that provided access to the Black Sea; and the legendary Trojan War – if historic; as suspected (although Marek has his doubts) – either preceded or was coterminous with that collapse; which in addition to the Hittites brought down the Mycenaean Greeks; the New Kingdom Egyptians and the Kassite Babylonians. The remnants of the Hittite Empire fragmented into various powers over the centuries to come; but most significant to history is that the remains of earlier Bronze Age Mycenaean cities on the Aegean Sea were vastly supplemented by numerous Greek settlements along the coast that came to be known as “Ionia;†which later – along with the rest of Anatolia and the Near East – came to be dominated by the Persian Empire. The efforts of those Ionian Greek poleis to liberate themselves from Persian control sparked a war led by Athens and Sparta that unpredictably resulted in Persian defeat; leading to independence for the Ionian poleis and Greek dominance of the Aegean. Athens-Sparta rivalry in subsequent decades led to the Peloponnesian War that devastated the Hellenic world and so divided it that Philip of Macedon was able to crush and contain it. After his assassination; his son and heir Alexander the Great unexpectedly routed the Persian Great King and soon dominated all of his possessions; including Asia Minor; but his sudden death on the cusp of world empire meant that Greece; Egypt; the Near East and Anatolia became the trophies of his surviving generals; the Diadochoi; as well as their descendants; the Epigoni; so Hellenistic rulers ran roughshod over those lands for centuries; jockeying for power; until Rome got interested. Much more blood of bystanders flowed but eventually it was Rome that absorbed all of that territory. As the huge Roman Empire grew unwieldy; a new eastern Roman capital was established at Constantinople (ancient Byzantium; modern Istanbul); ruling over all of Asia Minor and a good deal beyond it. When Rome and the western empire fell; this became the Roman Empire of the East; the Byzantine Empire; and a large chunk of it was Anatolia; although much of that was to fall away over time. And all of that fascinating history occurred long before the Seljuk Turks moved in circa the eleventh century to bring Islam and the Turkic language to Anatolia! If you judge that long paragraph – which is only an abbreviated summary of Asia Minor’s ancient historical narrative – as oversize; you can only imagine what a deep exploration would amount to. So then try to imagine the thick volume that is Christian Marek’s In the Land of a Thousand Gods; which in its printed form makes oversize seem understated: there are in fact some 552 pages of type that can only be described as footnote size subscript; not including an appendix of 75 pages as well as a thick section of endnotes. The main narrative is equivalent to a normal text of approximately 1500 pages! In short; there is a lot of material. The good news is that every single sentence is welcome and substantial; as Marek applies fine historical inquiry and analysis to every paragraph; expertly guiding the reader from the Neolithic to the end of antiquity; meticulously and exhaustively. Do I recommend this as a book to take to the beach and devour over a long weekend? Of course not. But if you are seeking THE definitive ancient history of Asia Minor; look no further: this is clearly going to be the gold standard on the subject for a long time to come. Don’t skip it!2 of 2 people found the following review helpful. Monumental indeedBy John L MurphyAfter two millennia; the legacy of early Greece continues to fascinate scholars and tourists. Less appreciated may be its neighboring realm; which spawned both rivals to and recipients of Hellenic control. Asia Minor; its very name standing for the exotic beyond the ethnocentric Mediterranean; bridges the East and the West. As events from today's headlines verify; the tension between the Asian and European; the Middle East and the great sea over which so many powers have battled for power exerts itself upon this heartland; where from prehistory on; many forces emanate from an epicenter.In the Land of a Thousand Gods tells the story of this cultural and political hub; from the Stone Age to the Roman Empire. A massive work; it began with the research into cuneiform and hieroglyphics provided by Peter Frei; who taught ancient history at the University of Zurich. His student and successor; Christian Marek; completes this survey. Steven Rendell translates the 2010 German edition and incorporates a few updates to a compilation encompassing classics; Oriental Studies; linguistics; archaeology; prehistory and anthropology. Supplemented by necessary genealogies; maps; documentation and black-and-white illustrations; these appendices total over 170 pages. The text itself; while densely printed and closely argued; nevertheless aims at the general; if diligent; reader.Details linger within the academic exploits recorded by Marek on every page; as excavators and discoverers vied to leave their mark upon the ruins opened up to acquisition by those in the vanguard of European colonial expansion. Inscriptions upon stone drove Phillipe Le Bas; as the 19th century closed; to boast of his triumph. "I left Mylasa; having squeezed every drop of juice from the lemon. In future; travelers can dispense with going there. I have not left them the slightest kernel to find."This eagerness to claim and conquer spurred many in centuries previous; too. The region rests on its rubble. Buildings were often destroyed to excavate even older sites. Dams flood nowadays more and more of Anatolia; hastening current archaeological digs. In the past; of course; conquerors eradicated peoples and razed cities; only to have their inhabitants; returning or replacing those victims of war; raise up new edifices; streets rising to shove levels higher. These striated remnants challenge scholars who delve beneath the surfaces; over thousands of years of occupation. From coinage to economics; religion to poetry; science and strategy; Marek allows patient students a comprehensive guide to this evolution from the Bronze and Iron Ages to the incursions of the Persians and then their bitter enemies; the Greeks. The Hellenistic polity in the wake of Alexander the Great gives way to the enforced Pax Romana. Then; the Roman republic capitulating to the imperial imposition of order; the provinces of Asia Minor emerge. Administration and socio-political considerations are then covered.The results in this hefty volume will overwhelm any casual inquirer; but this book stands as a reference for anyone needing information about nearly any aspect of this period and this landmass. While in-depth as a whole; the chapters; needing to span so much; can race by. The reader will find that the sudden conclusion; as the Byzantine Christian establishment supplants and soon attempts to eliminate its pagan Roman forebears; comes as hastily as the onset of the new faith must have appeared to many who had long lived in Anatolia and its environs; worshiping a thousand gods.0 of 3 people found the following review helpful. Four StarsBy Harold KingMarek's book is well worth reading. It contains a wealth of information..
