The First World War did not end in November 1918. In Russia and Eastern Europe it finished up to a year earlier; and both there and elsewhere in Europe it triggered conflicts that lasted down to 1923. Paramilitary formations were prominent in this continuation of the war. They had some features of formal military organizations; but were used in opposition to the regular military as an instrument of revolution or as an adjunct or substitute for military forces when these were unable by themselves to put down a revolution (whether class or national). Paramilitary violence thus arose in different contexts. It was an important aspect of the violence unleashed by class revolution in Russia. It structured the counter-revolution in central and Eastern Europe; including Finland and Italy; which reacted against a mythic version of Bolshevik class violence in the name of order and authority. It also shaped the struggles over borders and ethnicity in the new states that replaced the multi-national empires of Russia; Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. It was prominent on all sides in the wars for Irish independence. In many cases; paramilitary violence was charged with political significance and acquired a long-lasting symbolism and influence. War in Peace explores the differences and similarities between these various kinds of paramilitary violence within one volume for the first time. It thereby contributes to our understanding of the difficult transitions from war to peace. It also helps to re-situate the Great War in a longer-term context and to explain its enduring impact.
#582295 in Books 2013-12-01 2013-10-03Original language:EnglishPDF # 1 6.10 x .70 x 9.20l; .80 #File Name: 019968605X256 pages
Review
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful. Extra-Legal Militancy in Post-Great War EuropeBy Albert A. NofiA summary of the review on StrategyPage.Com'Irish university professors Gerwarth Horne have gathered thirteen essays on paramilitary conflicts across much of Europe in the aftermath of the political and geographic changes that came out of World War I. After an introduction that gives us an overview of these movements – Freikorps; Fasci di combattimento; “Reds†and the “Whites†in Russia; Finland; Hungary; Austria; and other countries – and how they influenced the rise of fascism; militarism; and even the racist militia auxiliaries of the Nazis on the Eastern Front in the Second World War. The individual essays cover various aspects of these paramilitary conflicts; some indistinguishable from outright war and some more like sporadic terrorism – in Russia; Ukraine; the Baltic states; Germany; Austria; Hungary; Italy; Finland; the Balkans; Turkey; Poland; Ireland (both British and Irish); and France. The editors oddly omit Czechoslovakia; saying it “experienced little orno paramilitarism†(p. 16); a matter likely disputable by Sudetens; Magyars; Jews; and Carpatho-Rusyns. Despite this; "War in Peace" offers a valuable look not only at the “war after the war†but also on the nature of paramilitary conflict; and the origins of fascism and collaborationism.'For the full review; see StrategyPage.Com
